Literature Review on Blockchain Consensus Protocols for IoT Networks

Contents

1. Gabatarwa

The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) applications in fields such as energy, manufacturing, and smart cities has generated an urgent need for secure distributed consensus mechanisms. Traditional blockchain implementations used in cryptocurrencies require substantial computational resources, making them unsuitable for resource-constrained IoT devices. This survey investigates consensus protocols that can be adapted to IoT networks and address their unique constraints.

2. Tushen Blockchain

2.1 Consensus Mechanism

共识机制使分布式节点能够在无中心权威的情况下就数据有效性达成一致。传统方法如工作量证明（PoW）需要解决计算密集的哈希问题：$H(nonce || block\_data) < target$。此过程虽然安全，但对物联网设备而言能耗过高。

2.2 IoT Network Constraints

Typical IoT networks consist of devices equipped with 8-bit or 16-bit microcontrollers, limited RAM, and minimal storage capacity. These devices communicate via low-power wireless protocols such as IEEE 802.15.4, which poses significant challenges to traditional consensus implementations.

3. Consensus Protocol Analysis

3.1 Proof of Work (PoW)

PoW requires miners to solve cryptographic puzzles, making it computationally expensive. The probability of mining a block is proportional to computational power: $P = \frac{computational\_power}{total\_network\_power}$.

3.2 Proof of Stake (PoS)

PoS yana zaɓi masu tantancewa bisa ga hannun jari a cikin hanyar sadarwa, don rage yawan amfani da makamashi. Yiwuwar zaɓe: $P = \frac{stake}{total\_stake}$. Wannan hanyar ta fi dacewa da hanyoyin sadarwar IoT, amma yana buƙatar la'akari da tsaro sosai.

3.3 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT)

PBFT yana samar da yarjejeniya a cikin tsarin asynchronous, yana jurewa har zuwa f ɗin kurakurai a cikin jimlar 3f+1 nodes. Yarjejeniyar tana buƙatar sadarwa mai yawa, amma tana guje wa ƙididdiga mai yawa.

3.4 Tangle da Hanyoyin Tushen DAG

Tangle da ake amfani a cikin IOTA yana amfani da tsarin zane mai shugabanci maras karkata (DAG), inda kowane sabon ma'amala yana buƙatar tabbatar da ma'amaloli biyu da suka gabata. Wannan yana kawar da ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai kuma yana rage buƙatun albarkatu.

4. Performance Evaluation

Sakamakon gwajin kwatanta yarjejeniyar yankewa a cikin yanayin Intanet na Abubuwa ya nuna bambanci sosai a cikin amfani da makamashi da jinkiri. PBFT ya nuna ƙarancin amfani da makamashi amma yana da babban farashi na sadarwa, yayin da PoS ya ba da ma'auni mai daidaito ga cibiyar sadarwar Intanet na Abubuwa ta matsakaici.

5. Implementation Case

Ga wannan ƙasa akwai sauƙaƙan lambar ƙarya don daidaitaccen algorithm na yarjejeniya mai dacewa da na'urorin IoT:

function lightweight_consensus(transaction, network_nodes):
    // 步骤1：向邻居节点广播交易
    broadcast(transaction, network_nodes)
    
    // 步骤2：收集确认信息
    acks = collect_acknowledgments(timeout=5000ms)
    
    // 步骤3：检查是否达到共识阈值
    if len(acks) >= consensus_threshold(len(network_nodes)):
        // 步骤4：添加到本地区块链
        add_to_blockchain(transaction)
        return SUCCESS
    else:
        return CONSENSUS_FAILURE

function consensus_threshold(total_nodes):
    // 拜占庭容错：3f+1中的2f+1
    return ceil((2 * floor((total_nodes - 1) / 3) + 1))

6. Future Applications

Aikace-aikacen nan gaba na blockchain a cikin hanyar sadarwar IoT sun haɗa da sa ido kan sarkar kaya, sarrafa grid mai hikima da daidaita motocin da ba su da direba. Binciken ya haɗa da haɓaka algorithms na yarjejeniya na sanin makamashi da mafita na haɗin kai tsakanin sarkoki don muhallin IoT daban-daban.

Bincike na asali

Wannan bita ta jaddada kalubalen muhimman da suka shafi daidaita hanyoyin yarjejeniyar blockchain zuwa yanayin IoT mai iyakance albarkatu. Gabanin asali tsakanin tabbatar da tsaron blockchain da iyakokin lissafi na na'urorin IoT na buƙatar sabbin hanyoyin ƙira. Kamar yadda CycleGAN ta gabatar da sabbin fasahohin daidaita yanki ba tare da samfuran haɗin gwiwa ba, haɗin IoT-blockchain yana buƙatar sake tunani game da tsarin yarjejeniya na al'ada, maimaita rage tsoffin yarjejeniyoyi kawai.

Kwatanta PoW, PoS, PBFT da Tangle ya nuna cewa babu wata mafita guda ɗaya da za ta iya magance duk ƙayyadaddun IoT cikin mafi kyau. Amfani da makamashi na PoW ya sa ba a dace da na'urori masu amfani da baturi ba, yayin da PoS ke haifar da haɗarin tattara haƙƙoƙin cibiyoyi a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar IoT marasa tsakiya. Kuɗin sadarwa na PBFT yana ƙaruwa da sau biyu tare da girman cibiyar sadarwa, yana haifar da matsalar faɗaɗawa. Tsarin DAG na Tangle yana nuna yuwuwar amma yana fuskantar ƙalubalen tsaro a lokutan ƙarancin ciniki.

Bisa ga binciken Jaridar IEEE na IoT, haɗuwa da hanyoyin yarjejeniya da yawa bisa yanayin cibiyar sadarwa da ƙarfin na'ura na iya ba da mafita mafi dacewa. Misali, na'urori masu ƙarfin albarkatu na iya gudanar da ƙa'idodin yarjejeniya masu tsauri, yayin da na'urori masu sauƙi ke shiga ta hanyar sauƙaƙan hanyoyin tabbatarwa. Wannan tsarin matsayi yana nuna ka'idodin lissafi da ake yawan samu a tsarin lissafi na gefe.

Amfani da injin koyo don zaɓin yarjejeniya mai ƙarfi (kamar hanyar ƙarfafawa a cikin tsarin mai cin gashin kansa) yana wakiltar ingantaccen alkibla na bincike. Kamar yadda ACM Computing Surveys ta nuna, hanyoyin yarjejeniya masu daidaitawa waɗanda ke daidaita halayensu bisa yawan cibiyar sadarwa, samuwan makamashi da buƙatun tsaro, na iya haɓaka aikin blockchain na IoT yayin kiyaye isasshen garamin tsaro.

7. References

1. Salimitari, M., & Chatterjee, M. (2018). 物联网网络区块链共识协议综述。
2. Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.
3. Cachin, C. (2016). Hyperledger Blockchain Architecture. Symposium on Distributed Cryptocurrency and Consensus Ledgers.
4. Popov, S. (2018). Tangle. IOTA Foundation White Paper.
5. IEEE Internet of Things Journal (2020). Energy-Efficient Consensus Mechanisms for Resource-Constrained Devices.
6. ACM Computing Surveys (2019). Blockchain Consensus Protocols: A Comparative Analysis.