Tsarin yanayin blockchain, wanda aka kimanta sama da tiriliyan $1, yana fuskantar ƙalubale mai mahimmanci game da kwanciyar hankalinsa na dogon lokaci da dorewa. Yanayin hakar ma'adinai mara tsaki, inda mahalarta (masu hakar ma'adinai) ke ba da albarkatu (ƙarfin hash a cikin PoW, hannun jari a PoS) don lada, yana haifar da yanayi mai sarƙaƙƙiya na ka'idar wasanni. Wannan takarda tana binciken yaɗuwar gargadi—inda masu hakar ma'adinai ke cutar da wasu a farashi kaɗan ga kansu—a cikin tattalin arzikin hakar blockchain kuma tana binciko hanyoyin zuwa kwanciyar hanka.
Halayen son kai na masu hakar ma'adinai da ikon shiga/barin cibiyoyin sadarwa kyauta suna da mahimmanci ga tsaron blockchain amma kuma suna haifar da sauyi. Fahimtar ƙarfafawar rabon albarkatunsu a cikin blockchain da yawa yana da mahimmanci don hasashen amincin cibiyar sadarwa.
Nazarin ya ginu akan tsarin ka'idar wasanni na tattalin arzikin hakar ma'adinai wanda ya ƙunshi blockchain ɗaya ko da yawa.
Tsarin yana la'akari da masu hakar ma'adinai waɗanda ke raba albarkatun lissafi (ko hannun jari) a cikin blockchain ɗaya ko fiye. Ana rarraba lada daidai da gudunmawar albarkatun, kamar yadda aka saba a yawancin ka'idojin PoW da PoS. Aikin ya faɗaɗa nazarin Ma'aunin Nash (NE) na [3], wanda ya samo rabon NE na musamman a ƙarƙashin wannan tsarin daidaito.
Babban ƙirƙira na ka'idar shine haɗa halayen gargadi da manufar kwanciyar hankalin juyin halitta. Marubutan sun ƙididdige tasirin karkatar mai hakar ma'adinai ta amfani da abubuwan gargadi—ma'auni waɗanda ke auna asarar cibiyar sadarwa gaba ɗaya dangane da asarar mai karkatarwa da kansa. Wannan yana tsara fahimtar cewa mai hakar ma'adinai na iya karɓar asara ta sirri idan ta haifar da asara mafi girma ga masu fafatawa, yana rushe kwanciyar hankalin cibiyar sadarwa.
Takardar ta tabbatar da cewa a ma'aunin NE da aka annabta, masu hakar ma'adinai masu aiki har yanzu suna da ƙarfafawa don ƙara albarkatunsu ba tare da haɗin kai ba (Ka'idar 1, 6). Duk da yake wannan na iya rage lada ɗinsu na cikakke, yana ƙara kasuwancinsu na dangantaka kuma yana haifar da cutarwa mafi gama gari ga sauran masu hakar ma'adinai (Corollary 7). Wannan ya tabbatar da gargadi a matsayin dabarar hankali, ta yaɗu a ma'auni, wanda ke haifar da ɓarnawar albarkatu da ƙara tsakiyar tsaki—abubuwan da aka gani a cikin tafkunan hakar ma'adinai na ainihi.
Babban gudunmawar shine nazarin manyan cibiyoyin sadarwa inda tasirin mai hakar ma'adinai ɗaya ya ragu. A nan, tsarin yana kama da kasuwar Fisher ko tattalin arzikin samarwa mai rarrabawa. Marubutan sun samo Ka'idar Sabuntawa ta Amsawa Mai Daidaito (PR). Sun tabbatar da cewa wannan ka'idar ta koma ga ma'auni na kasuwa inda ƙarfafawar gargadi ta zama maras amfani, ba tare da la'akari da bayanan haɗarin masu hakar ma'adinai ko ƙuntatawar motsin albarkatu tsakanin fasahohin blockchain daban-daban ba.
An goyi bayan binciken ka'idar ta hanyar nazarin aiki na cryptocurrency huɗu masu hakar ma'adinai. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa abubuwa uku suna ba da gudummawa ga kwanciyar hankalin yanayin:
Ba abin ban mamaki ba ne amma dabarar ma'auni mai hankali a cikin ƙananan-zuwa-matsakaiciyar tafkunan hakar ma'adinai, yana bayyana matsin lamba na tsakiyar tsaki.
Yayin da cibiyoyin sadarwa suka girma, suna canzawa daga filin wasan ka'idar wasanni mai sauyi zuwa ƙarin tsarin ma'auni na kasuwa mai kwanciyar hanka.
Ka'idar Amsawa Mai Daidaito tana ba da tsarin ka'idar ka'idar don ƙirƙirar ƙa'idodin sabuntawa waɗanda ke hana gargadi a zahiri.
Bayanan aiki sun tabbatar da cewa rarrabawa, gogayya, da girma sune maɓuɓɓugan kwanciyar hankali a cikin yanayin crypto mai rai.
Fahimtar Jigo: Takardar ta ba da ƙarfi, mai ban mamaki: Ma'aunin Nash wanda ya kamata ya wakilci halayen kwanciyar hanka, na hankali a cikin hakar blockchain, a zahiri, gida ne ga gargadi mai lalacewa. Wannan ba game da hakar ma'adinai na son kai kawai ba ne; yana game da zaɓin hankali don ƙone ƙima don ƙone wasu ƙari. Marubutan sun sake tsara wannan ba a matsayin kwayoyi ba, amma a matsayin ainihin kadarorin da ke da alaƙa da ka'idar wasannin juyin halitta na kwanciyar hanka. Wannan yana haɗa duniyar crypto-mining mara kyau zuwa shekarun da aka kafa na samfuran gasa na halitta da tattalin arziki, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin aikin tushe akan dabarun kwanciyar hankali na juyin halitta na Maynard Smith da Price. Yana bayyana ci gaba, yanayin ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙarfin hash da ƙonewar zuba jari ba a matsayin gazawar kasuwa ba, amma a matsayin sakamakon da ake iya hasashen tsarin ƙarfafawa na yanzu.
Tsarin Ma'ana: Hujjar an gina ta da kyau. Na farko, sun kafa tushen NE (Ka'idar 1). Sa'an nan, sun bincika rauninsa ta hanyar nuna kowane mai hakar ma'adinai zai iya yin karkata don haifar da cutarwa ta yanar gizo (Ka'idar 6, Corollary 7), suna gabatar da ma'aunin abubuwan gargadi. Wannan yana haifar da tashin hankali: ma'auni yana wanzuwa amma yana lalacewa. Ƙudurin ya zo daga ma'auni. Suna jayayya cewa yayin da cibiyoyin sadarwa suka girma, lissafin tsarin yana canzawa daga wasan gargajiya zuwa kasuwar Fisher—samfurin da aka yi nazari sosai a cikin ka'idar wasannin algorithm don rarraba albarkatu. A cikin wannan sabon tsarin, sun tabbatar da cewa sauƙaƙan motsi na Amsawa Mai Daidaito yana kusantar zuwa ma'auni inda gargadi ya lalace. A ƙarshe, sun tabbatar da wannan canji tare da bayanan aiki daga cryptocurrency huɗu, suna nuna yadda abubuwan ainihi (rarrabawa, gogayya) ke tura cibiyoyin sadarwa zuwa wannan yanayin kwanciyar hanka.
Ƙarfafawa & Kurakurai: Babban ƙarfi shine hanyarsa ta ka'idar-aiki biyu da sabon haɗin gargadi zuwa kwanciyar hankalin juyin halitta. Ka'idar Amsawa Mai Daidaito babbar gudummawa ce mai amfani. Duk da haka, nazarin yana da iyakoki. Ya dogara sosai akan zaton lada mai daidaito. Ta yaya tsarin gargadi ke canzawa a cikin samfuran gauraye ko ƙarƙashin sabbin hanyoyin kamar rabuwar mai gabatarwa da mai gini na Ethereum? Kamancen kasuwar Fisher don manyan cibiyoyin sadarwa yana da ƙarfi amma yana iya rushewa yayin sauyi mai tsanani ko hare-haren haɗin gwiwa, yanayin da "babban adadin ƙananan wakilai" zato ya gaza. Bugu da ƙari, duk da yake nazarin shari'a yana da mahimmanci, cryptocurrency huɗu ƙaramin samfuri ne. Ana buƙatar ƙarin nazari a cikin ka'idojin DeFi, L2s, da sabbin sarƙoƙin PoS don gwada gabaɗaya.
Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga masu ƙirƙira ka'idoji, wannan takarda umarni ce: daina ƙirƙira don Ma'aunin Nash mai tsayi kaɗai. A maimakon haka, ƙirƙiri ƙa'idodin sabuntawa (kamar motsin PR) waɗanda ke jagorantar tsarin zuwa ma'auni na kasuwa masu jurewa gargadi. Ga masu zuba jari da masu bincike, tsarin yana ba da tabarau don tantance kwanciyar hankalin sarkar. Sarkar da ke da ƙarancin rarrabawar masu hakar ma'adinai da babban motsin albarkatu an shirya shi don sauyin gargadi. Akasin haka, girma, gogayyar fasaha (kamar na'ura ta musamman), da hakar ma'adinai mai yawa sanya alamar bijimi ne don kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci. Masu tsara doka ya kamata su lura cewa manufofin da ke ƙarfafa tattara masu hakar ma'adinai (misali, ta hanyar tallafin makamashi na yanki) na iya ƙarfafa ma'auni na gargadi ba da gangan ba. Nan gaba yana cikin ƙirar tsarin da ke rage ƙimar abubuwan gargadi a sarari, ya wuce sauƙin daidaiton lada.
An bayyana ma'aunin abubuwan gargadi $G_i$ don karkatar mai hakar ma'adinai $i$ a hukumance kamar haka:
$G_i = \frac{\sum_{j \neq i} \Delta \pi_j}{-\Delta \pi_i}$ don $\Delta \pi_i < 0$
Inda $\Delta \pi_j$ shine canjin lada ga mai hakar ma'adinai $j$. $G_i > 1$ yana nuna gargadi: asarar cibiyar sadarwa ta wuce asarar mai karkatarwa.
Ka'idar Amsawa Mai Daidaito (PR) don mai hakar ma'adinai $i$ yana raba albarkatu $x_i^c$ zuwa sarkar $c$ ana bayar da ita ta:
$x_i^{c}(t+1) = \frac{\pi_i^c(\mathbf{x}(t))}{\sum_{d} \pi_i^d(\mathbf{x}(t))} \cdot R_i$
inda $\pi_i^c$ shine lada daga sarkar $c$, kuma $R_i$ shine jimillar albarkatun mai hakar ma'adinai. Wannan ƙa'idar sabuntawa tana kusantar zuwa ma'auni na kasuwa inda $\frac{\pi_i^c}{x_i^c}$ ya daidaita a cikin dukkan sarƙoƙi ga kowane mai hakar ma'adinai, yana kawar da fa'idar gefe na gargadi.
Nazarin shari'ar aiki ya bincika bayanai daga cryptocurrency huɗu masu hakar ma'adinai (mai yiwuwa sun haɗa da Bitcoin da Ethereum Classic da sauransu). Duk da yake guntun PDF bai nuna takamaiman ginshiƙi ba, sakamakon da aka bayyana yawanci ana gabatar da su ta hanyar:
Bayanai sun goyi bayan ƙarshen cewa manyan cibiyoyin sadarwa masu rarrabuwar kawuna tare da manyan shingaye don sake rarraba albarkatu sun nuna ƙarin kwanciyar hanka, suna daidaitawa da hasashen ka'idar na ɓarnawar gargadi a ma'auni.
Yanayi: Nazarin sabuwar sarkar Proof-of-Work mai yuwuwa, "ChainX."
Aikace-aikacen Tsarin:
Hukunci: Ta amfani da wannan tsarin, mai bincike zai iya alamar ChainX a matsayin babban haɗari don rashin kwanciyar hankali da gargadi ke haifarwa a cikin watanni 12-18 na farko idan ta ƙaddamar da hakar ma'adinai mai mahimmanci da algorithm na gama gari, yana ba da shawarar matakan ƙarfafa bambancin masu hakar ma'adinai da yuwuwar gyara rarraba lada.