1. Gabatarwa
Takardar tana magance matsala ta asali ta tattalin arziki a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa na blockchain da ba su da cibiyar gudanarwa, musamman a cikin tafkunan ma'adinai na Proof-of-Work (PoW). Duk da cewa fasahar blockchain tana ba da damar yin yarjejeniya ba tare da amincewa da juna ba, tsarin ma'adinai da kansa—warware wasanin sirri don samun lada—yana da saurin canzawa sosai. Ma'adinan daidaikun suna fuskantar sauyin yawan samun kudin shiga saboda babban ƙarfin lissafi na dukan hanyar sadarwa. Wannan sauyin yana ƙarfafa kafa tafkunan ma'adinai, inda mahalarta suke haɗa albarkatunsu na lissafi (ƙarfin hash) don daidaita ladan. Babban ƙalubalen sai ya zama ƙirƙirar tsarin rarraba lada wanda zai rarraba ladan tafkin cikin adalci da inganci tsakanin masu ba da gudummawa. Takardar ta gabatar da sabon tsarin ra'ayi don nazarin adalcin irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren.
1.1. Ka'idojin Yarda da Tafkuna
Tafkunan ma'adinai sakamako ne kai tsaye na ƙarfafa tattalin arziki a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa na PoW kamar Bitcoin. Yuwuwar ma'adinan guda ɗaya ya sami ingantaccen toshe ("cikakkiyar mafita") yana daidai da rabonsa na jimlar ƙarfin hash na hanyar sadarwa. Ga ƙananan ma'adinai, wannan yuwuwar ba ta da wani tasiri, wanda ke haifar da yuwuwar dogon lokaci ba tare da lada ba. Tafkuna suna tattara ƙarfin hash, suna ƙara yawan gano tubalan. Lokacin da tafkin ya yi nasara, dole ne a raba ladan. Binciken takardar yana da mahimmanci saboda zaɓin tsarin raba lada yana shafar kai tsaye shigar ma'adinai, kwanciyar hankali na tafkin, da kuma tsaro gabaɗaya da rarraba cibiyoyin gudanarwa na hanyar sadarwar blockchain.
2. Tsarin Ra'ayi da Ma'aunin Adalci
Marubutan sun canza hankalin binciken daga ma'adinai daidaikun zuwa rabo da aka bayar. Rabo wani ɓangare ne na mafita ga wasanin sirri wanda ke nuna shaidar aiki amma da kansa bai zama ingantaccen toshe ba. Jerin da lokacin waɗannan rabo a cikin zagayen lada su ne tushen rarrabawa.
Takardar ta gabatar da ƙa'idodin adalci guda biyu na ƙirƙira:
2.1. Adalcin Sake Rarrabawa Na Cikakke
Wannan ma'auni yana buƙatar cewa lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da sabon rabo zuwa tafkin, ya shafi haƙƙin lada na duk rabo da aka gabatar a baya da adadin cikakke ɗaya. A bisa ƙa'ida, idan ladan rabo $i$ ya canza da $\Delta R_i$ bayan ƙaddamar da rabo $j$, to ga kowane rabo $k$, $\Delta R_k = \Delta R_i$. Wannan yana sanya wani tsari mai ƙarfi na ƙari da rashin dogaro da hanya akan aikin lada.
2.2. Adalcin Sake Rarrabawa Na Dangi
Wannan ma'auni yana buƙatar cewa lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da sabon rabo, ya shafi haƙƙin lada na duk rabo da suka gabata da rabo ɗaya na dangi. A bisa ƙa'ida, $\frac{R_i^{sabo}}{R_i^{tsoho}} = \frac{R_k^{sabo}}{R_k^{tsoho}}$ ga duk rabo $i, k$ da suka wanzu kafin sabon rabo $j$. Wannan yana mai da hankali kan kiyaye alaƙar ma'auni tsakanin rabo yayin da tafkin ke ci gaba.
3. Siffanta Tsare-tsaren Rarraba Lada
Babbar gudummawar ka'idar ita ce siffanta nau'ikan tsare-tsaren lada waɗanda suka gamsar da kowane ma'auni na adalci.
3.1. Tsare-tsaren Da Suke Gamsar Da Adalci Na Cikakke
An siffanta nau'in tsare-tsaren da suka gamsar da Adalcin Sake Rarrabawa Na Cikakke a matsayin waɗanda ladan rabo ya dogara kawai akan adadin rabo da aka ƙaddamar bayansa har sai an sami toshe. Misali na al'ada shine tsarin Biya-Kowane-Rabo-Na-Karshe (PPLNS), inda ake rarraba lada tsakanin rabo N na ƙarshe kafin a sami toshe. Zuwan sabon rabo kawai yana motsa "taga" na rabo masu cancanta, yana shafar duk rabo da suka gabata daidai a ma'anar cikakke (duk sun matsa mataki ɗaya kusa da fita daga taga).
3.2. Tsare-tsaren Da Suke Gamsar Da Adalci Na Dangi
An siffanta nau'in tsare-tsaren da suka gamsar da Adalcin Sake Rarrabawa Na Dangi a matsayin waɗanda ladan rabo ya yi daidai da wani aiki wanda ya dogara kawai akan adadin rabo da aka ƙaddamar kafinsa. Misali mafi shahara shine tsarin Ma'auni (PROP), inda kowane rabo yana karɓar lada daidai da jimlar adadin rabo da aka ƙaddamar a zagayen. Lokacin da sabon rabo ya zo, yana rage ladan duk rabo da suke akwai da ma'auni ɗaya na dangi.
3.3. Mahadar Da Tsarin Ma'auni
An nuna cewa mahadar nau'ikan biyu—tsare-tsaren da suka gamsar da Adalci Na Cikakke da Na Dangi—tsari ne na gabaɗaya mai ma'auni ɗaya na tsarin Ma'auni. Sakamako na wannan sakamako shine sabon siffanta tsarin Ma'auni na al'ada da kansa: shi ne tsarin ɗaya tilo wanda ya gamsar da ma'aunin adalci biyu lokaci ɗaya a ƙarƙashin yanayin daidaitawa na halitta. Wannan yana ba da ingantaccen hujjar ka'idar don yawaita amfani da PROP, duk da sanannen rauninsa ga tsalle-tsallen tafki.
4. Cikakkun Bayanai Na Fasaha da Tsarin Lissafi
Bari $S = (s_1, s_2, ..., s_n)$ ya zama jerin rabo da aka ƙaddamar a zagaye wanda ya ƙare da cikakkiyar mafita (toshe) a rabo $s_n$. Tsarin rarraba lada aiki ne $R(i, S)$ wanda ke ba da lada ga rabo $s_i$.
Adalcin Sake Rarrabawa Na Cikakke (ARF): Ga kowane jerin $S$ da $S'$ inda $S'$ shine $S$ tare da ƙarin rabo da aka saka a matsayi $j$, kuma ga kowane $i, k < j$, muna da: $$R(i, S') - R(i, S) = R(k, S') - R(k, S)$$
Adalcin Sake Rarrabawa Na Dangi (RRF): Ga $S, S', i, k$ ɗaya kamar yadda aka ambata a sama: $$\frac{R(i, S')}{R(i, S)} = \frac{R(k, S')}{R(k, S)}$$
Takardar ta tabbatar cewa ARF yana nuna $R(i, S) = f(n-i)$ ga wasu ayyuka $f$, inda $(n-i)$ shine adadin rabo bayan $s_i$. RRF yana nuna $R(i, S) = g(i) \cdot B$, inda $g(i)$ ya dogara da matsayin rabon kuma $B$ shine jimlar ladan toshe. Mahadar yana kaiwa ga $R(i, S) = \frac{c \cdot B}{i^{\alpha}}$ ga madaidaitan $c, \alpha$, tare da $\alpha=0$ yana ba da tsarin Ma'auni.
5. Tsarin Bincike: Fahimta Ta Asali & Zargi
Fahimta Ta Asali: Wannan takarda ba game da tafkunan ma'adinai kawai ba ce; ta zama babbar darasi a cikin amfani da ka'idar rarraba albarkatu ta axiomatic (tuna aikin farko akan adalci na Moulin ko Young) zuwa ga tsarin tattalin arzikin crypto mai rikitarwa na duniya. Babban motsi na hazaka na marubutan shine sake tsara matsalar daga "yadda ake biyan ma'adinai" zuwa "menene halayen asali na jerin biyan kuɗi na gaskiya?" Ta hanyar mai da hankalin bincike akan rabo maimakon ma'adinai, sun kawar da zato na ɗabi'a kuma sun ware tsarin rarrabawa kawai. Sakamakon ka'idodin siffanta suna da kyau da ƙarfi, suna ba da rarrabuwar kawuna na tsari don sanannun tsare-tsare kamar PPLNS da PROP.
Tsarin Hankali: Hujjar tana da tsari mara kyau: (1) Gano ainihin raka'ar gudummawa (rabo). (2) Ayyana ƙa'idodin adalci na halitta guda biyu, masu keɓancewa, dangane da yadda sabon bayani (sabon rabo) yake sabunta da'awar da ke akwai. (3) Samo sifofin lissafi na duk tsare-tsaren da suka gamsar da kowane ƙa'ida. (4) Bincika mahadar don nemo tsare-tsaren masu ƙarfi ga ra'ayoyin adalci biyu. Wannan yana tunatar da tsarin axiomatic a cikin takardun kimiyyar kwamfuta na asali, kamar waɗanda ke ayyana algorithms na yarjejeniya (misali, sakamakon rashin yiwuwar FLP), inda kaddarorin da ake so suka haifar da siffanta mafita masu yiwuwa.
Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Babban ƙarfi shine gabaɗaya da ƙaƙƙarfan ka'idar tsarin. Ya ƙirƙiri harshe gama gari don kwatanta kowane tsarin lada. Duk da haka, binciken yana da manyan makafi daga hangen nesa na ƙirar tsari mai aiki. Ya cire gaba ɗaya halayen ma'adinai na dabarun, kamar tsalle-tsallen tafki (canza tafkuna don amfani da raunin tsari), wanda ke zama bala'in sauki tsare-tsare kamar PROP. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin binciken zahiri daga cibiyoyi kamar Cibiyar Cambridge don Madadin Kuɗi, tsalle-tsallen tafki yana shafar fa'idar ma'adinai da kwanciyar hankali na tafki sosai. Tsarin kuma ya yi watsi da farashin aiki da jinkirin bayanai, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci a cikin ayyukan tafki na duniya na ainihi. Idan aka kwatanta shi da ƙirar tsare-tsaren da suka dace da ƙarfafawa a ka'idar gwanjon al'ada (misali, aikin Myerson), wannan takarda ta ayyana "adalci" a cikin sarari, ba "dacewa da ƙarfafawa" a cikin wasa ba.
Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga masu ƙira ka'idojin blockchain da masu gudanar da tafki, wannan takarda ta zama takarda tilas don duba adalcin tsare-tsaren lada. Abin da za a ɗauka a bayyane yake: dole ne ka zaɓi tsakanin adalci na cikakke ko na dangi; ba za ka iya samun duka biyu ba tare da komawa ga tsarin Ma'auni na asali ba. Don gina sabon tafki, idan kwanciyar hankali da sauƙi sun fi mahimmanci, tsarkin axiomatic na PROP yana da hujja. Idan rage magudi na dabarun shine mabuɗi, ajin PPLNS (wanda ya gamsar da adalci na cikakke) a ka'idar ya fi ƙarfi ga wasu hare-hare, saboda ladansa ya dogara da abubuwan da zasu faru a gaba. Hanyar bincike da wannan takarda ta buɗe da gaske ita ce haɗakar wannan binciken adalci tare da samfuran wasan ka'idar na halayen ma'adinai. Ci gaba na gaba zai zama tsari wanda ya gamsar da ƙa'idar adalci mai jan hankali yayin da kuma ya kasance mai tabbacin dabarun a ma'anar ma'auni na Bayesian-Nash.
6. Hangen Nesa Na Aikace-aikace da Hanyoyin Gaba
Tsarin ya wuce ma'adinan Bitcoin. Yana da amfani kai tsaye ga kowane hanyar sadarwa mara cibiyar gudanarwa inda ake rarraba ayyuka, gudummawar ana iya tantancewa amma suna da saurin canzawa, kuma dole ne a raba lada gama gari. Manyan hanyoyin gaba sun haɗa da:
- Proof-of-Stake (PoS) da Wakilci: Tafkunan masu tantancewa a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa na PoS (misali, Ethereum 2.0, Cardano) suna fuskantar matsalolin rarraba lada iri ɗaya lokacin da masu hannun jari suka wakilci alamarsu. "Rabon" ya zama taron wakilcin hannun jari. Yin amfani da waɗannan ma'aunin adalci na iya haifar da ƙira na tafkin hannun jari masu bayyana da adalci.
- Hanyoyin Sadarwar Kayan Aiki Na Jiki Marasa Cibiyar Gudanarwa (DePIN): Hanyoyin sadarwa kamar Filecoin (ma'ajiya) ko Helium (ɗaukar hoto mara waya) suna ba masu shiga lada don samar da albarkatun duniya na ainihi. Tsarin na iya taimakawa ƙirƙirar tsare-tsaren lada waɗanda suka dace da masu ba da gudummawa na farko da na ƙarshe a cikin hanyar sadarwa mai ƙarfi.
- AI Maras Cibiyar Gudanarwa & Kasuwannin Lissafi: A cikin dandamali masu rarraba ayyukan horarwa na ML (misali, Gensyn, Render Network), adalcin biyan kuɗi don ɓangaren aikin lissafi yana da mahimmanci. Binciken da ya dogara da rabo yana da alaƙa sosai.
- Haɗakar Ka'idar Wasan: Mataki na gaba mafi mahimmanci shine haɗa wannan tsarin adalci na axiomatic tare da samfuran halayen ma'adinai na dabarun. Wannan zai haɗa da ayyana da siffanta ma'aunin Adalcin Da Ya Dace Da Ƙarfafawa, wanda zai kai ga tsare-tsaren da suke da adalci a cikin rarrabawa kuma suna da ƙarfi ga magudi.
- Binciken Girman Tafki Mai Ƙarfi: Samfurin na yanzu yana ɗaukar ƙayyadaddun jerin rabo a kowane zagaye. Aikin gaba zai iya nazarin adalci a cikin tafkuna tare da ma'adinai masu shiga da fita da ƙarfi, yanayin da ya fi dacewa da gaskiya.
7. Nassoshi
- Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki Na Abokan-Tare.
- Moulin, H. (2004). Rarraba Gaskiya da Jin Dadin Jama'a. MIT Press. (Don ka'idar adalci ta axiomatic ta asali)
- Lewenberg, Y., Bachrach, Y., Sompolinsky, Y., Zohar, A., & Rosenschein, J. S. (2015). Tafkunan ma'adinan Bitcoin: Binciken ka'idar wasan haɗin gwiwa. Taron 2015 na Duniya akan Tsarin Wakilai Masu Yawa. (Don binciken ka'idar wasa na tafkuna)
- Cibiyar Cambridge don Madadin Kuɗi. (2020). Nazarin Ma'auni na 2 na Duniya na Cryptoasset. (Don bayanan zahiri kan tattalin arzikin tafkin ma'adinai da ɗabi'a)
- Myerson, R. B. (1981). Ƙirar gwanjo mafi kyau. Lissafi na binciken aiki, 6(1), 58-73. (Don ma'auni a cikin ƙirar tsari mai dacewa da ƙarfafawa)
- Fischer, M. J., Lynch, N. A., & Paterson, M. S. (1985). Rashin yiwuwar yarjejeniya da aka rarraba tare da tsari ɗaya mara kyau. Jaridar ACM (JACM), 32(2), 374-382. (A matsayin misali na siffanta axiomatic na asali a cikin tsarin da aka rarraba)
- Eyal, I. (2015). Matsalar ma'adinai. 2015 IEEE Taro akan Tsaro da Sirri. (Don nazarin halayen dabarun, gami da tsalle-tsallen tafki)