Tsarin Yarjejeniya Mai Dogaro da Silsilai Biyu don Blockchain: Con_DC_PBFT

1. Gabatarwa

Hanyoyin yarjejeniya su ne fasahar ginshiƙi da ke ba da damar amincewa da haɗin kai a cikin tsarin blockchain marasa tsakiya. Yayin da Hujjar Aiki (PoW) da Hujjar Hatsari (PoS) suka mamaye silsilolin blockchain na cryptocurrency, yawan amfani da makamashi da jinkirin su bai dace da aikace-aikacen "marasa tsabar kuɗi" na kamfani kamar bin diddigin sarkar wadata, ainihin dijital, da ingancin bayanan IoT ba. Wannan takarda tana magance iyakokin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa na yanzu kamar Hujjar Gudunmawa da Hujjar Aiki (PoC+PoW) ta hanyar gabatar da Con_DC_PBFT, sabon tsarin yarjejeniya mai silsilai biyu da aka ƙera don inganci, tsaro, da haɓakawa a cikin yanayin blockchain mai izini.

2. Ayyukan Da Aka Yi & Bayanin Matsala

Hanyoyin yarjejeniya na yanzu don silsilolin blockchain marasa tsabar kuɗi sau da yawa suna fuskantar matsala uku: daidaita rarrabuwar kawuna, tsaro, da aiki. Hanyoyin PoC+PoW, waɗanda ke zaɓar masu tabbatarwa bisa ma'aunin gudunmawa, suna fama da:

• Ƙarancin Ingantacciyar Aiki: Sarrafa jeri yana haifar da babban jinkiri.
• Haɗarin Tsaro: Ƙimar gudunmawa na iya zama manufa, wanda ke haifar da yuwuwar hare-hare.
• Yawan Amfani da Albarkatu: Babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ma'ajiya, da nauyin lissafi.
• Matsalolin Guda Daya: Dogaro da takamaiman nodes masu babban gudunmawa.

Con_DC_PBFT yana nufin warware waɗannan ta hanyar gabatar da rabuwar gine-gine da sarrafa layi daya.

3. Tsarin Con_DC_PBFT

Babban ƙirƙira shine tsarin silsilai biyu wanda ke raba sarrafa tsarin daga ainihin dabarun kasuwanci.

3.1 Tsarin Silsilai Biyu

Tsarin yana aiki akan silsilai biyu masu haɗin kai:

• Silsilar Tsarin (Ƙananan Silsila): Tana sarrafa bayanan meta, ƙimar gudunmawar node, da daidaitawar yarjejeniya. Tana aiki azaman "jirgin sarrafawa."
• Silsilar Kasuwanci (Babban Silsila): Tana kula da ainihin bayanan ma'amala da dabarun aikace-aikace. Tana aiki azaman "jirgin bayanai."

Wannan rabuwa yana ba da damar ingantaccen ingantawa da aiki a layi daya.

3.2 Tsarin Yarjejeniya Mai Cin Gashin Kansa Kadan

Yarjejeniyar ba ta cikakken cin gashin kanta ba. Silsilar Tsarin tana kulawa da daidaita zirga-zirgar saƙon yarjejeniya na Silsilar Kasuwanci. Muhimmin abu, Silsilar Tsarin tana amfani da ƙimar gudunmawar node don bazuwar tantance nodes na lissafin Silsilar Kasuwanci (nodes masu samar da toshe) na kowane zagaye. Wannan yana gabatar da bazuwar kuma yana hana hasashe a cikin zaɓin shugaba.

3.3 Zaɓin Node & Fasalolin Tsaro

An ƙarfafa tsaro ta hanyar:

• Tsarin Sadarwa na Byzantine: Ya dogara da Haƙuri na Haƙuri na Byzantine (PBFT), yana tabbatar da juriya ga nodes masu mugunta (har zuwa 1/3 na cibiyar sadarwa).
• Algorithm na Zaɓin Node na Bazuwar: Yuwuwar zaɓin node a matsayin shugaban Silsilar Kasuwanci yana daidai da ƙimar gudunmawarta, amma zaɓin ƙarshe ya haɗa da bazuwar. Wannan yana rage manufa ga nodes masu daraja.
• Bayanan Gudunmawar da aka ɓoye: Ana adana ƙimar gudunmawa akan Silsilar Tsarin da aka tsare, wanda ke sa su yi wahalar kai hari kai tsaye fiye da a cikin ƙirar PoC ta silsila guda.

4. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Yuwuwar zaɓin node wani muhimmin sashi ne na lissafi. Bari $C_i$ ya zama ƙimar gudunmawar node $i$, kuma $N$ ya zama jimillar adadin nodes masu cancanta. Tushen yuwuwar $P_{base}(i)$ don zaɓi an daidaita shi:

$P_{base}(i) = \frac{C_i}{\sum_{j=1}^{N} C_j}$

Don gabatar da bazuwar da tsaro, ana amfani da aikin bazuwar da za a iya tantancewa (VRF) ko wani nau'i na sirri na sirri. Yuwuwar zaɓin ƙarshe $P_{final}(i)$ ya haɗa da iri na bazuwar $R$ daga Silsilar Tsarin:

$P_{final}(i) = \mathcal{F}(P_{base}(i), R, \sigma)$

Inda $\mathcal{F}$ shine aikin zaɓi kuma $\sigma$ yana wakiltar sigogin tsarin da ke tabbatar da cewa sakamakon ba shi da hasashe amma ana iya tantancewa. Wannan ƙirar tana hana node lissafin jujjuyawar sa a gaba, yana hana hare-haren riga-kafi.

5. Sakamakon Gwaji & Aiki

Takardar ta gabatar da cikakken bincike na gwaji wanda ke kwaikwayon tsarin Con_DC_PBFT. An auna mahimman alamomin aiki a kan tsarin tushen PoC+PoW.

Bayanin Chati (Hoto na 1 - Jinkirin Yarjejeniya vs. Adadin Nodes): Chatin yana nuna lanƙwasa biyu. Jinkirin PoC+PoW yana ƙaruwa sosai kuma ba a layi daya yayin da ƙididdigar node ke girma, alamar rikitarwar sadarwarsa ta $O(n^2)$. Lanƙwasa Con_DC_PBFT yana nuna ƙaruwa sosai a hankali, yana nuna ribar inganci daga sarrafa layi daya a cikin tsarin silsilai biyu. A nodes 100, Con_DC_PBFT yana nuna kusan jinkiri 35% ƙasa.

Bayanin Chati (Hoto na 2 - Amfani da CPU & Ƙwaƙwalwar Ajiya): Chatin mashaya rukuni yana kwatanta amfani da albarkatu. Con_DC_PBFT koyaushe yana amfani da ƙasa da rabin albarkatun CPU da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na PoC+PoW a cikin matakan fitarwa daban-daban na ma'amala, yana tabbatar da da'awar ceton albarkatu >50%.

Mahimman Bincike:

• Ingantacciyar Aiki: Sarrafa layi daya a cikin silsilai biyu yana rage jinkirin yarjejeniya gaba ɗaya.
• Haɓakawa: Lalacewar aiki tare da ƙara nodes ba ta da tsanani fiye da a cikin PoC+PoW.
• Ingantaccen Amfani da Albarkatu: Ragewa mai ban mamaki a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ma'ajiya.
• Ƙarfi: Tsarin ya ci gaba da aiki a ƙarƙashin kwaikwayon gazawar batu guda da bambancin ƙimar watsa cibiyar sadarwa.

6. Tsarin Bincike & Misalin Lamari

Lamari: Bin Didigin Sarkar Wadata na Magunguna

Yi la'akari da haɗin gwiwar blockchain don bin didigin magunguna daga masana'anta zuwa kantin magani.

1. Silsilar Kasuwanci: Tana rikodin ma'amaloli marasa canzawa: "Rukunin X da aka kera a Masana'anta A," "Rukunin X da aka aika zuwa Mai Rarrabawa B," "Rukunin X da aka karɓa a Kantin Magani C." Wannan shine littafin lissafin samfurin da za a iya tantancewa.
2. Silsilar Tsarin: Tana sarrafa izinin mahalarta. "Ƙimar gudunmawa" mai rarrabawa na iya dogara ne akan ingancin bayanan tarihinta da ƙarar jigilar kaya. Wannan silsila tana gudanar da algorithm na zaɓin node.
3. Zagayen Yarjejeniya: Silsilar Tsarin ta zaɓi Kantin Magani C bisa bazuwar (bisa ga makin gudunmawarta) don zama shugaba na gaba na toshe Silsilar Kasuwanci, wanda zai ƙunshi bayanan firikwensin zafin jiki don Rukunin X. Zaɓin ba shi da hasashe, don haka mai mugunta ba zai iya kai hari tsarin Kantin Magani C a gaba ba. Silsilar Kasuwanci tana sarrafa toshe bayanan zafin jiki a layi daya yayin da Silsilar Tsarin ke shirye-shiryen zaɓin shugaba na gaba.

Wannan rabuwa yana tabbatar da saurin rikodin abubuwan kasuwanci (rajistan zafin jiki) yayin sarrafa tsarin amincewa a tsakanin mahalarta cikin aminci da ƙarfi.

7. Ayyuka na Gaba & Hanyoyi

Tsarin Con_DC_PBFT yana da kyakkyawan fata musamman ga:

• Metaverse & Gudanar da Kadara ta Dijital: Raba littafin lissafin mallakar kadara (Silsilar Kasuwanci) daga tsarin ainihi/mutunci na mai amfani (Silsilar Tsarin).
• IoT na Masana'antu: Babban silsila mai fitarwa don bayanan firikwensin, wanda silsila mai tsaro ke sarrafawa wanda ke sarrafa samun damar na'ura da izinin sabunta firmware.
• Kuɗin Dijital na Babban Banki (CBDCs): Silsilar ma'amala don biyan kuɗi da silsilar sarrafawa don bin ka'idoji da kayan aikin manufofin kuɗi.

Hanyoyin Bincike na Gaba:

• Ingantacciyar Sadarwa ta Tsakanin Silsilai: Haɓaka ƙarin ingantattun ka'idoji don wajibcin hulɗa tsakanin silsilai biyu.
• Ma'auni na Gudunmawa mai Sauƙi: Bincika ƙirar da AI ke jagoranta don lissafin ƙimar gudunmawa bisa mafi rikitarwa, halaye masu girma da yawa.
• Haɗin kai tare da Hujjojin Rashin Sani: Don haɓaka sirri ta hanyar tabbatar da ma'amaloli akan Silsilar Kasuwanci ba tare da bayyana bayanai masu mahimmanci ga nodes na Silsilar Tsarin ba.
• Tabbatarwa na Yau da kullun: Samar da hujjojin lissafi na kaddarorin tsarin tsaro a ƙarƙashin ƙirar silsilai biyu.

8. Nassoshi

1. Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki na Peer-to-Peer.
2. Castro, M., & Liskov, B. (1999). Haƙuri na Haƙuri na Byzantine. OSDI.
3. Zhu, Y., Song, J., & Li, M. (2022). Bincike kan Hanyoyin Yarjejeniya na Blockchain. Binciken Lissafi na ACM.
4. Buterin, V., et al. (2014). Dandalin Kwangila mai Hikima na Gaba da Dandalin Aikace-aikace marasa Tsakiya. Farar Takarda ta Ethereum.
5. Cibiyar Bayanai ta Duniya (IDC). (2023). Jagorar Kashe Kuɗi na Blockchain a Duniya. (Tushen waje don mahallin kasuwa).
6. Zhu, J., et al. (2017). CycleGAN: Fassarar Hotuna zuwa Hotuna marasa Haɗin gwiwa ta amfani da Cibiyoyin Adawa masu Daidaituwa. ICCV. (An ambata a matsayin misalin tsarin hanyoyi biyu, tsarin zagaye wanda ke ƙarfafa tunanin gine-gine a wasu fagage).

9. Binciken Kwararru & Fahimta

Babban Fahimta: Ainihin nasarar Con_DC_PBFT ba wai kawai wani gyara ga PBFT ba ne; yana da rabuwar gine-gine na dabarun. Yana gane cewa a cikin silsilolin blockchain na kamfani, metadata na "wanene zai yanke shawara" (amincewa, mutunci, izini) yana haɓaka akan lokaci daban da ƙa'idodi daban fiye da bayanan ma'amala na "abin da ya faru". Tilasta musu zuwa silsila ɗaya, kamar yadda yawancin hanyoyin yarjejeniya suke yi, yana haifar da rikici na asali. Wannan aikin yana amfani da ƙa'idar ƙira ta rabuwar damuwa—tushen injiniyan software—ga matakin yarjejeniya kanta. Yana tunawa da yadda tsarin gine-ginen sabis na zamani ke raba aikace-aikacen guda ɗaya; a nan, suna raba littafin lissafin guda ɗaya.

Zagaye na Hankali: Hankali yana da ban sha'awa: 1) Gano toshewar (sarrafa PoC+PoW na jeri). 2) Gano tushen dalili (haɗaɗɗun bayanai da zirga-zirgar sarrafawa). 3) Rubuta magani (rabuwar gine-gine zuwa silsilai na Tsarin da Kasuwanci). 4) Ƙarfafa magani (ƙara bazuwar da PBFT don tsaro). Zagaye daga matsala zuwa mafita yana da tsabta kuma yana magance ainihin rashin inganci a tushensa maimakon yin amfani da ingantaccen inganci a saman.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Ƙarfin yana bayyana: tabbataccen ribar aiki, ƙira mai kyau, da ƙarfin amfani ga yanayin izini, marasa tsabar kuɗi. Ceton albarkatu >50% babban nasara ne don farashin aiki. Duk da haka, kurakurai suna cikin sababbin rikitattun abubuwan da ya gabatar. Yarjejeniyar "mai cin gashin kanta kadan" ta haifar da dogaro mai mahimmanci: idan Silsilar Tsarin ta lalace ko ta yi jinkiri, tana toshe duk Silsilar Kasuwanci. Wannan yana haifar da yuwuwar sabon hanyar tsakiya ko toshewa. Takardar kuma ta yi watsi da babban nauyin kiyayewa da daidaita silsilai biyu, wanda, ko da yake ya fi ƙarancin PoC+PoW, ba ƙaramin abu bane. Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda aka lura a cikin takarda mai mahimmanci ta CycleGAN, tsarin hanyoyi biyu suna buƙatar ƙira mai kyau don hana rugujewar yanayi ko rashin kwanciyar hankali na horo; hakazalika, tabbatar da cewa silsilai biyu sun ci gaba da daidaitawa da kyau kuma ɗaya baya rabuwa ko mamaye ƙalubale ne na injiniyan tsarin da ba ƙaramin abu ba.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga CTOs da masu gine-gine da ke kimanta blockchain don amfani da kamfani, wannan takarda wajibi ce a karanta. Tana ba da ƙa'idar aiki don matsawa bayan tsarin yarjejeniya na cryptocurrency. Abin da za a iya aiwatarwa shi ne bayyana ƙirar jiragen bayanai da sarrafa aikace-aikacenku yayin ƙira. Idan sun bambanta, hanyar silsilai biyu kamar Con_DC_PBFT ya kamata ya zama babban mai fafatawa. Duk da haka, ci gaba da idanu a buɗe: saka hannun jari sosai a cikin juriya da aikin Silsilar Tsarin, yayin da ya zama sabon tushen amincewa. Ayyukan matukin jirgi ya kamata su gwada yanayin gazawar hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin silsilai sosai. Wannan ba mafita ce ta toshewa da kunna ba, amma don amfani daidai—babban fitarwa, tsarin kamfani na izini inda amincin mahalarta yake da ƙarfi—yana wakiltar babban mataki zuwa ga aiki, haɓakar kayan aikin blockchain.