Tsarin Yarjejeniya Mai Tushen Zaren Biyu don Blockchain: Con_DC_PBFT

1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Hanyoyin yarjejeniya su ne tushen tushen tsarin blockchain, suna tabbatar da yarjejeniya mai rarrabuwa kan yanayin littafin lissafi. A cikin aikace-aikacen blockchain "marasa tsabar kuɗi" (misali, sarkar wadata, bayanan kiwon lafiya), hanyoyin gargajiya kamar Hujjar Aiki (PoW) sau da yawa ba su dace ba saboda yawan amfani da makamashi da jinkiri. An gabatar da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa kamar Hujjar Gudunmawa + Hujjar Aiki (PoC+PoW) amma suna fama da rashin inganci, ƙarancin dogaro, da babban kayan aiki.

Wannan takarda ta gabatar da Con_DC_PBFT, sabon tsarin yarjejeniya wanda ya dogara ne akan Tsarin Zaren Biyu wanda aka haɗa tare da bambancin Haƙuri na Byzantine mai Aiki (PBFT). Babban ƙirƙirarsa ita ce raba bayanan tsarin (ƙimar gudunmawa) da bayanan kasuwanci na tsakiya zuwa zare biyu daban-daban amma masu haɗin kai, yana ba da damar sarrafa layi daya da inganta aiki.

2. Tsarin Tsakiya: Con_DC_PBFT

Tsarin Con_DC_PBFT an gina shi ne a kan rabe-raben damuwa tsakanin zare biyu: Zaren Tsarin da Zaren Kasuwanci.

3. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Yuwuwar zaɓin node $i$ a matsayin mai tabbatarwa don Zaren Kasuwanci a cikin zamani aiki ne na ƙimar Gudunmawarsa $CV_i$ dangane da jimillar cibiyar sadarwa.

Yuwuwar Zaɓi: Ana ƙirƙira yuwuwar $P_i$ kamar haka: $$P_i = \frac{f(CV_i)}{\sum_{j=1}^{N} f(CV_j)}$$ inda $f(CV_i)$ aikin ma'auni ne, yawanci aiki mai laushi ko aiki mai ƙarfi da aka daidaita (misali, $f(CV_i) = (CV_i)^\alpha$ tare da $\alpha \approx 1$). Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa nodes masu babban gudunmawa sun fi samun damar zaɓe, amma bazuwar daga VRF yana hana sakamako na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai.

Sabunta Ƙimar Gudunmawa: Bayan nasarar zagaye na yarjejeniya, ana sabunta $CV_i$: $$CV_i^{t+1} = \lambda \cdot CV_i^{t} + (1-\lambda) \cdot R_i^{t}$$ inda $\lambda$ shine ma'auni mai lalacewa (misali, 0.9) don fifita halin kwanan nan, kuma $R_i^{t}$ shine lada don shiga cikin zamani $t$, wanda zai iya zama ƙayyadadden adadi ko auna ta hanyar rawar node.

Haƙuri da Kuskure: Yarjejeniyar da aka samo daga PBFT akan Zaren Kasuwanci yana buƙatar aƙalla $2f+1$ nodes masu gaskiya daga cikin $3f+1$ gabaɗaya don jure laifuffukan Byzantine $f$, yana kiyaye ma'auni na $\frac{1}{3}$ na maƙiya.

4. Sakamakon Gwaji & Aiki

Takardar ta gabatar da cikakken bincike na gwaji wanda ke kwatanta Con_DC_PBFT da tsarin tushe na PoC+PoW. An kimanta ma'auni masu mahimmanci na aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban.

Bayanin Taswira & Sakamako: Gwaje-gwaje sun kwaikwayi hanyoyin sadarwa masu girma daban-daban (nodes 10-100). An taƙaita sakamako na farko kamar haka:

• Aiki vs. Ƙidaya Node: Con_DC_PBFT ya ci gaba da samun mafi girman aikin ma'amala fiye da PoC+PoW yayin da ƙidaya node ta ƙaru, yana nuna mafi kyawun iya aiki. Zanen zaren biyu ya hana kayan aikin saƙon yarjejeniya girma da murabba'i tare da ƙidaya node, kamar yadda kwamitin da aka zaɓa kawai ke shiga cikin PBFT na Zaren Kasuwanci.
• Jinkiri a Ƙarƙashin Kaya: Jinkirin yarjejeniya daga ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe (daga ƙaddamar da ma'amala zuwa ƙarshe) don Con_DC_PBFT ya kasance koyaushe 30-40% ƙasa da PoC+PoW, musamman a ƙarƙashin manyan ƙimar ma'amala. Tasirin bututu tsakanin zaren yana rage lokacin zaman banza.
• Amfani da Albarkatu: Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ƙafar ajiya don nodes na Con_DC_PBFT ya fi ƙasa da 50%. Ana danganta wannan ga buƙatar PoC+PoW na duk nodes don adanawa da lissafin cikakken wasanin motsa jiki, yayin da a cikin Con_DC_PBFT, Zaren Tsarin kawai ke adana tarihin CV, kuma aikin Zaren Kasuwanci yana rarrabawa.
• Haƙuri da Kuskure: Ƙimar gazawar batu ɗaya na tsarin ta kasance ƙasa ko da yayin da aka gabatar da nodes marasa kyau, yana tabbatar da tsaron zaɓin bazuwar dangane da CVs marasa ganuwa.

5. Tsarin Bincike & Misalin Lamari

Tsarin don Kimanta Hanyoyin Yarjejeniya: Lokacin nazarin sabon shawara na yarjejeniya kamar Con_DC_PBFT, tsarin tsari yana da mahimmanci. Yi la'akari da waɗannan gatari:

1. Rarrabuwa vs. Inganci: Shin tsarin yana sadaukar da ɗaya don ɗayan? Con_DC_PBFT yana karkata zuwa ga inganci don saitunan izini.
2. Zato na Tsaro: Menene ma'auni na kuskure? Menene hanyoyin kai hari (misali, Sybil, niƙa)?
3. Bayanin Albarkatu: Lissafi, ajiya, buƙatun bandwidth na cibiyar sadarwa.
4. Ƙarshe & Jinkiri: Ƙarshe mai yuwuwa vs. ƙayyadaddun ƙarshe? Lokacin zuwa ƙarshe.
5. Dacewa: Dacewa ga jama'a vs. masu zaman kansu, tsabar kuɗi vs. tsarin marasa tsabar kuɗi.

Misalin Lamari mara Lamba: Asalin Sarkar Wadata

Yi la'akari da haɗin gwiwar blockchain don bin diddigin kayayyaki masu daraja (misali, magunguna).

• Zaren Kasuwanci: Yana rubuta ma'amaloli marasa canzawa: "Masana'anta X ya aika da rukuni Y zuwa Mai Rarrabawa Z a lokacin T."
• Zaren Tsarin: Yana sarrafa suna (Ƙimar Gudunmawa) na kowane ɗan takara (Masana'anta X, Mai Rarrabawa Z, Mai Bincike A). CV na ɗan takara yana ƙaruwa tare da ingantaccen, ƙaddamar da bayanai cikin lokaci kuma yana raguwa don jinkiri ko gardama.
• Gudun Yarjejeniya: Lokacin da ake buƙatar rikodin sabon jigilar kaya, Zaren Tsarin yana zaɓar kwamitin nodes da ke da manyan CVs (misali, gami da Mai Bincike A da masu rarrabawa biyu masu dogaro) don gudanar da zagaye na PBFT don Zaren Kasuwanci. Wannan yana tabbatar da sauri, dogaro da yarjejeniya tsakanin ƙungiyoyin amintattu don wannan takamaiman ma'amala, yayin da Zaren Tsarin ke sabunta CVs daidai. Rabuwar yana hana rafin bayanan asalin daga lalacewa ta hanyar lissafin suna.

6. Ayyukan Gaba & Hanyoyi

Tsarin Con_DC_PBFT yana da ban sha'awa musamman ga yankuna da yawa masu haɓaka:

• Metaverse & Gudanar da Kadarorin Dijital: Gudanar da rikice-rikice, hulɗar mita tsakanin ainihin mutane, mallakar kadarori (NFTs), da sabunta yanayin duniya yana buƙatar ma'auni mai iya aiki, ƙaramin jinkiri. Zaren biyu zai iya raba ainihi/suna (Zaren Tsarin) daga rajistan canja wurin kadari (Zaren Kasuwanci).
• Cibiyoyin Sadarwa na IoT & Lissafi na Geffen: Na'urorin IoT masu ƙuntatawa na albarkatu za su iya zama abokan ciniki masu haske ga Zaren Kasuwanci, yayin da sabobin gefe masu ƙarfi suka kiyaye Zaren Tsarin kuma su yi ayyukan yarjejeniya, suna inganta amfani da albarkatun cibiyar sadarwa gabaɗaya.
• Kimiyya Mai Rarrabuwa (DeSci) & Tabbatar da Ilimi: Zaren Tsarin zai iya sarrafa sunayen bita da ƙididdiga masu ba da gudunmawa, yayin da Zaren Kasuwanci ke rubuta bayanan bincike, lamba, da bayanan bugawa ba za a iya canzawa ba.

Hanyoyin Bincike na Gaba:

1. Tsaron Sadarwar Zare-Zare: Tabbatar da aikin watsa saƙo da tsarin daidaita jihohi tsakanin zare biyu yana da mahimmanci.
2. Girman Kwamiti Mai Ƙarfi: Daidaita girman kwamitin masu tabbatar da Zaren Kasuwanci dangane da kayan aikin cibiyar sadarwa da buƙatun tsaro.
3. Haɗin kai tare da Hujjojin Rashin Sani: Yin amfani da ZKPs don ba da damar nodes su tabbatar da mallakar babban CV don zaɓi ba tare da bayyana ainihin ƙimar ba, yana ƙarfafa sirri.
4. Haɗin kai: Bincika yadda Zaren Tsarin zai iya zama anka aminci don haɗa Zaren Kasuwanci masu zaman kansu da yawa (rabe-rabe na musamman na aikace-aikace).

7. Nassoshi

1. Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki na Peer-to-Peer.
2. Castro, M., & Liskov, B. (1999). Haƙuri na Byzantine mai Aiki. OSDI.
3. Zhu, L., et al. (2021). Bincike kan Hanyoyin Yarjejeniya na Blockchain. IEEE Access.
4. Buterin, V., et al. (2014). Takardar Fari ta Ethereum.
5. Gidauniyar Hyperledger. (2023). Gine-ginen Hyperledger, Juzu'i na 2. https://www.hyperledger.org.
6. Ƙaddamar da Blockchain na IEEE. (2022). Blockchain don Aikace-aikacen da ba na Kuɗi ba. https://blockchain.ieee.org.
7. Wang, G., et al. (2022). SoK: Sharding akan Blockchain. Binciken Kwamfuta na ACM.

8. Ra'ayin Mai Bincike