Canjin Hatsarin Kudade a Manyan Cryptocurrencies: Bincike na Gaskiya da Tasirin Tsaro

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa

Bayyanar Bitcoin ta wakilci ƙirar cryptocurrency ta farko da za ta iya aiki a cikin saitunan da ba su da izini ba tare da faɗuwa ga hare-haren Sybil ba. Yayin da yawancin cryptocurrencies suka dogara da yarjejeniyar proof-of-work (PoW), damuwar amfani da makamashi ya haifar da sha'awar madadin proof-of-stake (PoS).

A cikin tsarin PoS, ana hana hare-haren Sybil ta hanyar sanya nauyin shiga tsakani daidai da nauyin hannun jari na mahalarta da aka rubuta a cikin littafin rikodin. Duk da haka, la'akari da tsaro yana hana amfani da cikakkun rarraba hannun jari na zamani, yana haifar da gibi tsakanin rarraba hannun jari da tsarin ke amfani da shi da ainihin rarraba na yanzu.

Mahimman Fahimta

Jinkirin rarraba hannun jari ya bambanta daga kwanaki da yawa a cikin ka'idojin PoS na yanzu
Canjin hannun jari yana girma a hankali tare da ƙara tsawon lokacin jinkiri
Hard forks suna haifar da manyan kololuwar canjin hannun jari
Musayar kuɗi suna lissafin muhimman canje-canjen hannun jari a cikin ingantattun tsarin muhalli

2. Bayanan Baya da Ayyukan Da Dangantaka Da Su

2.1 Tushen Proof of Stake

Ka'idojin Proof-of-stake suna zaɓar mahalarta don ayyuka masu mahimmanci na tsaro tare da yuwuwar daidai da rabon hannun jari a cikin rarraba $SD_{t-\Lambda}$, inda $\Lambda$ ke wakiltar jinkirin rarraba hannun jari. Wannan ya bambanta da manufar da za a zaɓi bisa ga rarraba na yanzu $SD_t$.

2.2 Jinkirin Rarraba Hannun Jari

Jinkirin rarraba hannun jari $\Lambda$ yana wanzu saboda dalilai na tsaro, musamman don hana hare-hare iri-iri ciki har da hare-hare na nisa da matsalolin babu komai a hannun jari. Shawarwarin PoS na yanzu masu aminci yawanci suna aiwatar da jinkiri na kwanaki da yawa.

3. Hanyar Bincike

3.1 Tattara Bayanai

Mun yi nazari akan manyan cryptocurrencies guda huɗu: Bitcoin (BTC), Bitcoin Cash (BCH), Litecoin (LTC), da Zcash (ZEC). An tattara bayanai daga blockchains ɗinsu na tsawon lokaci don tabbatar da mahimmancin ƙididdiga.

3.2 Lissafin Canjin Hannun Jari

Ana ƙididdige canjin hannun jari ta amfani da tazarar ƙididdiga tsakanin rarraba hannun jari. Don rarraba $P$ da $Q$ akan rukunin mahalarta ɗaya, an ayyana canjin hannun jari $\Delta$ kamar haka:

$$\Delta(P, Q) = \frac{1}{2} \sum_{i} |P(i) - Q(i)|$$

inda $P(i)$ da $Q(i)$ ke wakiltar rabon hannun jari na ɗan takara $i$ a cikin rarraba $P$ da $Q$ bi da bi.

Matsakaicin Canjin Hannun Jari

2.1% - 8.7%

Kewayon a cikin cryptocurrencies da aka yi nazari don jinkiri na kwanaki 1-14

Girma Mai Ƙarancin Layi

$O(\sqrt{\Lambda})$

Girman canjin hannun jari tare da tsawon lokacin jinkiri

4. Sakamakon Gwaji

4.1 Kididdigar Canjin Hannun Jari

Bincikenmu na gaskiya ya nuna cewa canjin hannun jari yana ƙaruwa tare da tsawon lokacin jinkiri $\Lambda$, amma yana bin tsarin girma mai ƙarancin layi. Don tsaka-tsakin lokacin jinkiri tsakanin kwanaki 1 zuwa 14, matsakaicin canjin hannun jari ya bambanta daga kusan 2.1% zuwa 8.7% a cikin cryptocurrencies da aka yi nazari.

4.2 Kololuwar Canjin Hannun Jari

Mun lura da manyan kololuwar canjin hannun jari masu alaƙa da abubuwan hard fork. Bugu da ƙari, an gano ɗaiɗaikun ƙungiyoyi—musamman musayar cryptocurrency—a matsayin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga canje-canjen hannun jari a cikin ingantattun tsarin muhalli, wani lokacin suna lissafin canje-canje sama da 15% a cikin takamaiman tazara.

Cikakkun Bayanai na Aiwatar da Fasaha

Algorithm ɗin lissafin canjin hannun jari yana sarrafa bayanan blockchain don ƙididdige tazarar ƙididdiga tsakanin rarraba hannun jari a lokuta daban-daban. Aiwararwa tana kula da tarin adireshi don gano ƙungiyoyin da ke sarrafa adireshi da yawa.

5. Aiwarar da Fasaha

Misalin Code: Lissafin Canjin Hannun Jari

import numpy as np

def calculate_stake_shift(distribution_t, distribution_t_lag):
    """
    Calculate stake shift between two stake distributions
    
    Args:
        distribution_t: dict with entity stakes at time t
        distribution_t_lag: dict with entity stakes at time t-Λ
    
    Returns:
        stake_shift: float representing statistical distance
    """
    
    # Normalize distributions
    total_stake_t = sum(distribution_t.values())
    total_stake_lag = sum(distribution_t_lag.values())
    
    normalized_t = {k: v/total_stake_t for k, v in distribution_t.items()}
    normalized_lag = {k: v/total_stake_lag for k, v in distribution_t_lag.items()}
    
    # Get all entities
    all_entities = set(normalized_t.keys()) | set(normalized_lag.keys())
    
    # Calculate statistical distance
    stake_shift = 0.0
    for entity in all_entities:
        share_t = normalized_t.get(entity, 0.0)
        share_lag = normalized_lag.get(entity, 0.0)
        stake_shift += abs(share_t - share_lag)
    
    return stake_shift / 2.0

# Example usage
current_stakes = {'entity1': 1000, 'entity2': 2000, 'entity3': 1500}
lagged_stakes = {'entity1': 1200, 'entity2': 1800, 'entity3': 1600, 'entity4': 400}

shift = calculate_stake_shift(current_stakes, lagged_stakes)
print(f"Stake shift: {shift:.4f}")

6. Aikace-aikacen Gaba

Binciken da aka samu daga wannan binciken yana da muhimman tasiri ga ƙirar ka'idojin PoS na gaba. Masu ƙira za su iya amfani da ƙididdigar canjin hannun jari don inganta sigogin tsaro, musamman jinkirin rarraba hannun jari $\Lambda$. Hanyoyin jinkiri masu daidaitawa waɗanda ke daidaitawa bisa yanayin cibiyar sadarwa da tsarin canjin hannun jari na iya haɓaka duka tsaro da aiki.

Hanyoyin bincike na gaba sun haɗa da:

Tsarin sa ido na canjin hannun jari na ainihi don hanyoyin sadarwar PoS
Samfuran koyon injina don hasashen kololuwar canjin hannun jari
Nazarin canjin hannun jari na ketare don ka'idojin haɗin kai
Haɗin kai tare da tsarin tantance haɗarin kuɗin rarraba (DeFi)

Bincike na Asali

Wannan binciken na gaskiya yana ba da mahimman bayanai game da la'akari da tsaro na aiki na cryptocurrencies na proof-of-stake, musamman yana magance matsanancin rikici tsakanin tsaron tsari da sabon rarraba hannun jari. Binciken ya nuna cewa canjin hannun jari—tsakar ƙididdiga tsakanin rarraba hannun jari na yanzu da na tsarin—yana bin tsare-tsare masu iya hasashe waɗanda za su iya ba da labari game da yanke shawarar ƙira.

Gano cewa canjin hannun jari yana girma a hankali tare da tsawon lokacin jinkiri $\Lambda$ yana da muhimman tasiri ga samfuran tsaro na PoS. Wannan ya yi daidai da aikin ka'idar da Kiayias et al. suka yi a cikin "Ouroboros: A Provably Secure Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocol" (2017), wanda ya kafa garanti na tsaro na yau da kullun a ƙarƙashin zato na iyakar canjin hannun jari. Tabbatar da girmamnu ta hanyar girma mai ƙarancin layi yana ba da takamaiman sigogi don waɗannan iyakokin ka'idar.

Musamman, gano musayar kuɗi a matsayin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga canje-canjen hannun jari yana maimaita binciken da aka samu daga wallafe-wallafen kuɗi na al'ada akan ƙananan tsarin kasuwa, inda manyan masu shiga tsakani suke tara muhimman hannun jari na kadari. Wannan yayi daidai da rawar masu yin kasuwa a kasuwannin hannun jari na al'ada, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin Ka'idar Ƙananan Kasuwa ta O'Hara (1995). Tarin hannun jari a cikin musayar yana tayar da muhimman tambayoyi game da rarraba iko da yuwuwar wurare guda ɗaya na gazawa.

Hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin wannan binciken—ta amfani da ma'aunin nisa na ƙididdiga akan bayanan blockchain na gaske—ta wakilci ci gaba mai mahimmanci akan nazarin ka'idar kawai. Irin wannan hanyoyin gaskiya sun tabbatar da kima a wasu fagagen blockchain, kamar nazarin tsarin ma'amala na Bitcoin na Ron da Shamir (2013). Gano kololuwar canjin hannun jari yayin hard forks yana ba da tabbataccen shaida game da yadda canje-canjen tsarin ke tasiri ga yanayin rarraba hannun jari.

Idan aka duba gaba, waɗannan binciken sun nuna cewa jinkirin rarraba hannun jari masu daidaitawa na iya inganta cinikin tsaro-aiki a cikin tsarin PoS. Ka'idoji na iya daidaita $\Lambda$ bisa ga aunannen canjin hannun jari, kama da yadda algorithms ɗin daidaita wahala ke aiki a cikin tsarin PoW. Wannan hanyar na iya jawo wahayi daga aikace-aikacen ka'idar sarrafawa a cikin tsarin kwamfuta, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin aikin Hellerstein et al. akan "Feedback Control of Computing Systems" (2004).

Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga na tsarin canjin hannun jari ya kafa tushe don ƙarin ingantaccen binciken tsaro na PoS kuma yana wakiltar muhimmin mataki zuwa ga gina gada tsakanin ƙirar ka'idar tsari da la'akari da turawa na aiki.

7. Bayanan Kara Karatu

Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System
Kiayias, A., Russell, A., David, B., & Oliynykov, R. (2017). Ouroboros: A Provably Secure Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocol. CRYPTO 2017
Bentov, I., Pass, R., & Shi, E. (2016). Snow White: Provably Secure Proofs of Stake. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive
David, B., Gaži, P., Kiayias, A., & Russell, A. (2018). Ouroboros Praos: An Adaptively-Secure, Semi-synchronous Proof-of-Stake Blockchain. EUROCRYPT 2018
Ron, D., & Shamir, A. (2013). Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph. Financial Cryptography 2013
O'Hara, M. (1995). Market Microstructure Theory. Blackwell Publishing
Hellerstein, J. L., Diao, Y., Parekh, S., & Tilbury, D. M. (2004). Feedback Control of Computing Systems. Wiley-IEEE Press